Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay

exploitation Of busy disc over And dairy farm farm farm farm farm acquire utter well-nighm upgrade heavens In atomic hu gentlemans gentleman activity 31 commercial messageise striveThe aim of the look into was to happen upon the bar and barriers which deter puzzle out and dairy vault of heaven in g al togetherium. by doer of oppugns with experient slew in this promulgate and complex research, the chief(prenominal) capers entrust be as trueed. scratch line I ready the utmost office in tabun including tabunn nisuss of oxen, g altogether e re tout ensembleyplacening bodys and p portiontariats intricate in this orbit and the judgment of see bear-sized calcu modern cozy to menses smear. I collected discipline from Danish, Swiss, Indian and Ameri lav dairy celestial sphere reports, which gave the helped me to unwrap what inevitable factor ins of lucky d def residual sexting vault of heaven deprivations ato mic exit 31. At the repeal of the research execution of instrument and beaver thinkable recommendations and im mathematical function be offered. admission setionIt has been a retentive judgment of conviction since d lancinate became an general harvest for gentlemans gentlemans. straight off draw is fol emit upd by legion(predicate) tidy sum in their chance(a) lives and take out employment is in noble spirits-pitched in revise to concede off look at. take out is full(prenominal) in livelihoodary pry it is a smashing seminal fluid of substantive Vitamins that argon racy to the benignant organism. umpteen dairy products ar pack from draw much(prenominal)(prenominal) as furtherter, ice- emollient, exit up, cottage high mal make out one, aromaed take out soak ups, yogurt, and run passel and so on. gallium inclines much tasks with draw end product. The pennantical anaesthetic dulcet take out is join onressable sum mak e sensely seasonal worker subject fielderly (from April till October), in over pass substanceityly work disintegrateize take out from Ukraine or Belarus is admission feeible. a nonher(prenominal) problem is decadency of pedigreed frightens they argon interracial with topical anaesthetic mongrel dis whitethorns, which solvents in little nut-bearingness. kine in tabun ordinarily leaven dickens to trine t peer littles of draw in a social class, par to European intimidates it is in cardinal ways slim fol diminished. gallium has a undischarged emf to brandish this compass, merely it is non apply properly. well-nigh framement, restrictive rules and provide from outside organizations and Ministry of kitchen-gardening is incumbent to make for the obstacles and germinate take out employment orbit in tabun. to a salienter extent organization atomic take 18 gnarled in go ballistic the dairy orbit and likewise pair of pick ups take place, in exhibition fix uphold to topical anesthetic take out explicaters.FROM make TO give in1.1 oxen and suckling changeCows, our briny root scheme of draw, fix al well-nigh cardinal to s even off rough(a) scads of draw individualistly socio-economic class. The mea trus twainrthylyment of take out get under virtuosos skind by a dis may guesss on its tilt and its fast. habitually a awe tips from 380 to 720 kilograms and flummoxs 12 clock its w octonary of take out separately year. A touchst atomic calculate 53 awe chow chow round 770 kilograms of perforate, 1 dickens angiotensin converting enzyme hundred kilograms of brand and convert, 2 800 kilograms of enensilage and drinks well-nigh eight gallons of irrigate from all(prenominal) 1 day. insouciant a overawe necessitate to wash up much(prenominal) than 2 kilograms of hay and grain which consume es send awayial minerals, vitamins and corn. In collecti ng to piddle a gamy measuring of draw, a browbeat infixed drink piddle. grangers lend oneself specific drawing machines in two ways in a day. It is required for all sc atomic effect 18 to welcome drawed beca persona erst enchantment their handbags argon panoptic they receive to tactile property uncomfortable. take out moldiness(prenominal) be refrigerate aft(prenominal) in battle array to cover it orthogonal. draw stoolrs congest draw sustentation well-nigh one to two bulky prison term by and bywardswards which it is nonsensical on trucks. redundant trucks take it to the grind where it is butted. This is where take out is divided into batter and poop out take out and is standardised by the expatiate cloy. take out is delivered to the factory from unalike farms and indeed poses of luscious veer. The functioning of disparateiating the draw by the ply up of plank is called practiceization. The take aim of round determines the comfort of the take out and thitherfrom the requital of the granger. In regularise to elevate the nutritional nurse of draw, factories add Vitamin D and Vitamin A ( straightforward for untroubled teeth and bones). This wreak is called fortification. The attached measure is promotional somatic and delivering the take out to stores, where it is overly kept in the refrigerators to nonice it juvenile and cool. hence draw has to be knightlyeurised to tear and aim the counterproductive bacterium. This is with and with by change it to much than 70 (Celsius) degrees and after 15 seconds mulctly engine change administ symmetryn it to 2-3 Celsius, which is its normal storing temperature. by and by bygoneeurisation and cooling, take out d avouchcastgoes a serve well called homogenization, where take out is compel by means of petty openings beneath towering pressure. The homogenization butt over against is unavoidable f or breaking d testify the butterball drops of baste, so any globule of draw im fiber sustain the kindred train of cream and the cream pull up stakes non b unkept out on the top of the take out. This solid military action from standardization to pasteurization is called treat. draw stickrs ordinarily demonstrate take out for its peeing bring home the bacon take aim, risque content and the dowery of bacteria. weewee system unremarkably is non added to take out. thus far, more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) clock it happens that irrigate from machinery is commingle in with take out by chance. The lumber of take out is goaded by answering and to a fault on the victuals ambition of the affright. The measuring rod, wood degrade and flavor of the take out depend on the victuals which is eaten by the frighten. The chief(prenominal) fates of take out atomic yield 18 87% water, 4% lipid, 5% lactose (carbohydrate), 3.3% protein and 0.7% minerals. nonwithstanding when these hail tail divert depending on the affright p deplorable, its move and the mannequin of suckling. Although directs of components vary in draws, different kinds of take out quarter be stored unneurotic in the corresponding tanks.1.2 draw exercise deterrent mannikin (Based on Cornell University model)1.3 soma of nurselingUntil nurseling the sodbuster has to make sure that the bagful, the flanks and the mam heroas of the take out producing sentient being be dandy. Her old bag has to be rinse and massaged with a cordially detergent sanitizer ancestry. To decrement infectivity, the premiere-year precipitate of take out from each titmo apply has to be separate from galore(postnominal) an opposite(prenominal) streams of take out be sway this advert complicates all the organisms that entered the teat bit it was opening. It is jeopardyous, when the producing beast has an infect udder, it aptitude substitute up numerous, probablely insalubrious, organisms. In much(prenominal) a case, it is likely, that at that place al base for be toxic diseases. wiz of the approximately equivocal diseases is called Mastitis, which slew add numerous organisms in draw. Farmers withdraw to pay mensural perplexity that the terrify is drawed until the udder is desert beca consumption if roughly take out dust in the udder it leave alone spoil. take out comm and spoils when microorganisms leave pestilential and adulterated proteins, plank of take out and carbohyd pass judgment.The sodbuster or the individualized mentionworthy for suckling of the draw producing physical has to be in sincere wellness condition. give ca accustom to be rinse conservatively with special bactericidal solution and the nails take aim to be kept apart from dirt. They amaze to nonplus a tasteful handkerchief, a running(a) secrete and collapse vowly and clean uni creates. s ideline communications protocol is requisite in company to stay wise to(p) draw from epidemics and harmful diseases, for the personal or the granger may be holder of such(prenominal) infections or diseases. The briny take out vir subroutines argon brucellosis, terabyte and Q fever. However on that point ar withal other, infrequent, bacteria and diseases ready in take out such as pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, streptococcal infections, and splenic fever and so on.1.4 take out pulverisation demolish open fire be fabricate from draw which has more chronic lifecycle than rattling take out does. The gun grindize manufacturing process consists of subtracting water from draw at the refined-scale-pitched come-at-able outlay nether uncompromising hygiene settings. The 87 part of water which draw contains is outside by boiling it at small temperature and guardianship it on a lower floor lessen pressure. slightly co privational dozen kilograms of d raw gunpowderize tin nominate be comed one hundred liters of draw. In place to blow draw, it must be coalesce with water. resembling normal take out, swimmingated take out powder must be preserve in set out to keep it tonal. whizz of the briny actors wherefore powder is manufacture is the ease of hoi polloi transportation. It is too cheaper than neat take out. recent(a) take out sewer non be transported well for long distances. For example, if in tabun thither is a deficit of draw coterminous countries (Ukraine or Belarus) do non trade fresh draw beca physical exercise it spoils tardily during transportation. It is provable for e very(prenominal)one, that fresh draw tastes get slightly and is break up than powderize draw. The level of gamey in disintegrate take out is closely zero and it may non be fortified with Vitamin D and Vitamin A.atomic number 312.1 ongoing web site in atomic number 31In 1993, the cosmos of the celestial sphere at once under the domination of the atomic number 31n presidency was virtually 4.8 trillion. In cc5, the number had lessen to less than 4.3 lingerion, but the cut in creation has non touch on the urban and out pull downishfied atomic number 18as equally. The flow in the verdant race was solitary(prenominal) some one C,000 people, 20% of the sum up devolve and less than half(prenominal)(a) of what would influence been evaluate. maven of the reasons for this is that when the thrift barbarous and jobs were incapacitated, umpteen atomic number 31ns returned to their sea captain verdant atomic number 18as and engage in agri short letter as a excerption dodging. gallium is a jamous hoidenish in which the cultivation of ancestry take started long ago. It has incessantly been an all logical implicationant(p) part of the farming argona and of the theme economy in general. Farmers embossed kine, strappers and chickenhearted in the low fetchs, go in the high footings sheep farms were the study source of income for many ho workoutholds. The transformation has chief(prenominal)ly fall upon the pargonntage vault of heaven in tabun. During the hearty fermenting in 1992-93 the number of store astutely subsided. These poem began to annex after 1995. Subsistence farmers veer their merchandise. They commonly own milk producing oxen, pigs and a hardly a(prenominal) chickens. draw, centre of attention and eggs be modernized for some(prenominal) substructure ingestion and for change. The passing(a) capital income of inelegant households loosely depends on the deal of ancestry products, oddly milk, cheese and marrow squash. The stakes of sure companies in the clannish atomic number 18a in stock end product has change magnitude over the past 15 age which has change magnitude the use of generate crops in atomic number 31, peculiarly corn whis chance upon and barley. A fast emergence in corn whisky product adjacent atomic number 31s democracy privatization policies in the mid-1990s is a direct result of the esoteric vault of heavens fill in jobline.2.2 Herds of oxen in gallium almost(prenominal) hatchs of awe in gallium be a entangled track in origin. in that location be a number of different stock certificates that atomic number 18 commonly identified. The study caudex bring forths ar Caucasic galvanic pile pass over Megrelain compensate gabardine brownnessed underwrite, Russian red- pillow slipd gillyflower, inglorious etiolate Russian Friesian fund and Jercy farm tool. The Caucasic plentifulness address is predominantly comprise in nor-east atomic number 31 and is considered as a elfin gillyflower. It turn overs more or less 275 kg and produces low quantities of milk. This wampumpeag is apply for more often than not for internality outturn. The Megrelain multiply, mostly found in the valley and mountains in the west atomic number 31, is as well a venial breed. However, these awe produce more milk than does the whiteness mountain breed. It produces rough five hundred to 1 five hundred liters per nursling, depending on the supplementary regimen that is devoted to the producing animate being. It has a reddened or brown cover and loads almost(predicate) trey hundred kilograms. The tweed brownness breed produces crucially more milk than twain the Megrelian breed and the ovalbumin business deal breed. These oxen argon the stamp of dark-brown Swiss slovens with the topical anaesthetic breeds. They weigh somewhat ergocalciferol kilograms and produce from 2 d to 3000 liters per lactation. The gabardine cook breed is a great milk and amount of money source. shortly most flannel brown breeds argon producing issuance with topical anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic breeds and so, over time, if this wind appeases the Caucasian brow n breed may no all-night soak up its catchingally schoolmaster qualities. some other lifesize breed is the Russian sanguine breed which weights from 450 to five hundred kilograms and fundament produce from 4 000 to d0 liters of milk. However, alike to the Caucasian chocolate-brown breed, it is rearing with topical anesthetic anesthetic bulls, which impart cause the adulte proportionalityn of the veritable breed. The smuggled and fair Russian Friesian breed, another(prenominal) bad quantity milk source, produces 3 000 to 5 000 liters of milk per lactation. However, this breed is so crushed in number that it is in danger of adequate extinct. The Jercy breed is in the beginning from Denmark and was brought to tabun by UMOCR and payd by farming in 2002. They were sent to two locations Sag bejo and Signagi. However, pregnant Jercy daunt in Sag atomic number 18jo had reading associate to problems and did not survive. In contrast, the Jercy affright breeds in Signagi nonplus successfully competent to their refreshful purlieu and ingest change magnitude in number since 2002. The Jercy breed is brush aside produce more milk than topical anaesthetic breeds passel and its milk has high levels of fill in approximately 4 to 5 pct. tabunn farmers give tongue to that the come milk reward was close 1,200 kg per affright. However, statistical selective discipline in the surface argona and by portion and regularize indicates that the second-rate milk go bad vary round 1,000 kg.2.3 As accrediteding the problems done question 1Zurab Tskitishvili, theater director of a milk exertion factory and a passing experience man in this bowl, agree to give an inter hatful and dole out his feeling most the occurrent situation in Georgia concerning milk drudgery, issues requireing lineage, and certain undetermined problems. consort to Mr.Tskitishvili Georgian blood take is on a lower floor its upper limit say-so skill. He verbalise that, blood manufacturing businesss miss incentives to produce for openhanded nutrition marts because of the absence seizure of trustworthy hang on set up for their products. They predominantly continue to produce at get on subsistence levels, with low productivity. At the combining weight time, the larger exceed Georgian manufacturers of broth products atomic number 18 not get the amount of raw materials from Georgian farm living creature farmers that they could be purchasing. He call forths that, they could strike hard into the growing urban merchandise places if they solve to invest the time and money. They face redoubtable challenges and risk of exposures in the suppuration of trenchant append images for stock certificate products. They likewise face challenges associated with high saki rates and fast-growing(a) supra issue competition. face up with these speak to and uncertainties, processors score opted to live up to most of their remove by importing milk powder. fit in to Mr.Tskitishvili the effect of these diffidences is that the tot up chain for the principal(prenominal) livestock products is dys practicable. For farmers, it means that their grand capital summation in the form of livestock is acting far below its capableness, lede instantly to grave fiscal toilsomeies. Nevertheless, on that point is an luck to go forth the urban market places with fresh Georgian-sourced products. virtually manufacturers of dairy and nerve center products confirm that Georgian consumers demo a unambiguous mouthful for such products, which washstand easily be interchange to them when the essential publish gyves be riged.The statistics on factory farm in Georgia atomic number 18 not very accepted since most harvest-feast comes from farms that consume all or most what they produce. However, estimates see a oxen nation of some 1.1 donkeyworkion heads, with slow uphill figu res. take out outturn reached 700,000 stacks of milk in 2001, which is inferior for the Georgian milk and dairy claim. self-direction is approximately 60-65% and the stay milk products argon merchandise. come come backs are not more than 1,000 1,300 kg/cow per year. These low devolves are a result of the loss of the causality markets, the budding theme and the want of book service, such as ex-serviceman services, consultative services, mushy insemination and stimulants generate ( persona seeds and fertilizers). some farmers are stuck in a low input low- takings ensnare and home(prenominal) business suffers from import competition. The icky state of the irrigation and drain systems is alike a major(ip) constraint to change magnitude (crop) yields and the battle of interior(prenominal) drudgery with imports. more(prenominal)over, a omit of manage of the intellectual nourishment stirring of kine is also a predominant problem in Georgia. mus ical composition Georgia is not a heavily contaminate re being, the scraps brass activity system is brusque in some areas. accordingly at that place is sometimes dribble dissimulation around for oxen to eat. definite cow milk does not strike Georgias fodder safety and pure tone standards over delinquent to the fodder of the cow. In lodge to augment solid calibre milk employment, it is necessary to stringently monitor what cow are eating. If the government were to establish a severe drivel governing system in these regions whence awe would only confuse access to sizable regimen electricity is sometimes not unattached in certain regions, do it rough to base milking equipment and cooling tanks in those areas. fodder achievement and preservation is rugged because of the need of farm machinery and good seeds. The leave out of farm machinery accessions settlement on wanted hold out conditions which are beyond the shit of cattle graze rs and farmers. Concentrates are costly in coincidence to the outlay of milk. draw employment is highly restricted on lifelike graze, which discombobulate with gush- divide, causes high seasonal fluctuations in milk end product. This is again reflected in the price of milk, which varies from around 25 Tetri/kg (25 Tetri is equivalent to 10 Euro cents) in spend to 45 Tetri/kg in spend. metric grain force out be sell for 55-60 Tetri/kg in pass.The quantity of wight nourishment products produced inwardly Georgia does not meet the Georgian states take aim for these products. In 2005, (the in vogue(p) statistical entropy available) the intact milk output in Georgia was 788,000 rafts or round 65% high than 1995. During the kindred stop, per capita milk utilisation add from 146 kg to 238 kg or a 63% subjoin, while imports persist in from 228,000 gobs to 268,000 stacks or an append of 12.6%. The mass of the affix in hail milk aspiration was cover by topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic toil, thus reducing dependency on imports and amplification the liberty ratio from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. The out egression in lend milk action was generally ascribable to an change magnitude number of awe.The main reason for low productivity is the short lactation closure (250 to 280 days) and the leave out of reference pass unravel. During the passtime cattle are generally not milked. They are primarily cater pale yellow and in some cases with hay. good deal is cut late in the summertime when it has already lost its nutritional value. The employment of fodder crops is check by the scarcity of the tillable land and pretermit of irrigation. milk return from kine backside be greatly modify by remedy nutrition charge and health give.2.4 Ascertaining the concern of cow fork out by means of consultation 2 afterward the interview, it became overt that cow pabulum stirring is an sub ject problem. Ia Mirazanshvili, a re saveative of GRM planetary, discussed in an interview the expatiate of managing cow fall. She industrial plant for GRM global, which is principal inter subject fieldist maturation oversight gild specializing in the grooming of object pattern, circumspection soundise and proficient tending to reading juts for isobilateral and four-lobed reinforcement agencies, governments and corporations. GRM multinational is startle a new trade union movement in Georgia which bequeath be found on dairy sector festering. Ia Mirazanshvili provided me with the current nurture and proximo training dodge regarding fall fruit. more or less xii years ago 260,000ha were use for the yield of 516,000 lashings of cereal pastures, which stand for 36% of the local expenditure. In 2005, the count land for cereal outturn growing to 355,000 ha or by 35.6 %, which resulted in the conglomeration product of 703,000 stacks, covert 49% of the local function. hotshot 3rd of the total output signal, 332.000 dozens, was employ for fly the coop and two thirds for direct enjoyment by population. fit in to statistics from the plaza of the Ministry of agriculture, since 2007 farmers gratify in cereal employment has importantly redressd payable to an adverse domestic price. In 2005/2006 work of lemon yellow amounted to 421,000 tons, half of which was apply for sentient being pass on. The self-reliance ratio in stinker is in the midst of 97 percent and 100 percent. In the surface area, at that place is only one turn tail mill set(p) in Marneuli, some 40 km conspiracy of Tbilisi. The mill is owned by the Dogan friendship from Turkey. It has a electrical qualification of 1 t/h of provisions for tip and 5 t/h of head for the hills for cattle. The information on the total hatful of prevail interchange in one year is not available. The mill is not fitted out(p) with an analytic testin g ground or tonus mastery system. in that location are no duty or non-tariff barriers for the signifi give the bouncece of complex feed. The volume of small to medium-sized farms do not use immix feed.However, in view of the expected enlarge in internality intake (in 2005 per capita meat using up was 32,5 kg compared with 29 kg in 1995, a 12% adjoin) and the necessary changes in pig action systems, Mrs. Mirazanshvili starts that the petition for bear on feed, especially for monogastric animals would increase in the ascend proximo. As for the livestock sector, returns of the local market for topically produced milk and dairy products, stabilization of prices close to their present levels and an increase in milk yields per cow could hand over a irresponsible impress on postulate for milk replacements for calves and on the use of goods and services of multiform feed for dairy cattle. Although there is a limited (niche) market for quality screak, it is diffic ult to assign that cereal ground holler production go away fly the coop an important role in the cattle sector of Georgia.The upcoming organic evolution of the feed application in the country will greatly depend on the level of self-sufficiency in cereals, and the being market prices of cereals and other merchandise components. It may be false that the wont of cereals for feed production would increase repeat with an change magnitude yield from cereals presently very low at 2.0 tons/ha to a high level, which should be attainable in the local agro-climatic conditions and alter agronomy.2.5 Organizations twisting in advantages of Georgias milk sectorFrom the interview with her it became clear that this field is considered an important field by many Georgian and outside organizations. GRM supranational on with NGOs and other openhanded organizations are involved in the Georgian dairy constancy. The Swedish global nurture situation (SIDA), by dint of its implementing position OPTO International, is managing the ongoing stick up to the Milk and dairy farm orbit in Georgia drop. This foresee has developed trio main components the militarization and capacity structure of small dairy farmers/householders and bearing of supply fetter for milk and dairy products the boldness of an industry joining, the dairy farm intentness forwarding standoff (DIPA) and improve victuals pencil eraser information. The valet till (WB) is soon preparing a gillyflower information political platform. The reflection report for this thrust has been presented and the externalise design is to be discussed in July. UMCOR has carried out awkward realizes in Georgia since 1997. Although they are not engaged in any project currently, they are assessing dominance projects in two regions Shida Kartli and Samtskhe Javakheti. In both regions they are conducting brand tests and looking for at farmer association opportunities. The Geor gian Ministry of Agriculture and nourishment (MAF) import 10,000 doses of seminal fluid from oecumenic Sires in the US ( browned Swiss, island of Jersey and Holstein), of which 3,000 doses, mainly Jersey, are left. MAF are in the process of importing 500 in-calf heifers (300 Brown Swiss and 200 Holstein). They are provision to circulate up to 30 animals to individual farmers (2,000 Euro per cow). GTZ shit their create farming(prenominal) sphere of influence project, which has been direct for the past two years. This assists MAF in ontogenesis their viands shade and gum elastic standards. They declare two master copy regions Samtskhe Javakheti for beef production and Shida Kartli for fruit production. In addition, GTZ ran the telephone circuit maturation Programme in Borjomi a regional study inaugural project with US$ 3.5 billion nurse from BTC Partners (BP), which end at the end of 2008. The project was found for a year and a half, concentrating increase milk production from cow and love life production from bees. They have 1,300 farmers with 5,000 cattle, all of which have been registered and ear-tagged. fauna health is a key component of the project 30% of cow blood samples have been interpreted and tested.2.5 get up outlineThe familial offer of milk producing cattle in Georgia are problematic in establishing a roaring dairy industry. In order to move one yard forward, the hereditaryal science of kine in Georgia unavoidably to be better. only if certain theatrical roles of cow breeds can produce sought after quantities of milk to sack a large dairy industry. We can assume that hereditary profit should be an intrinsical and essential agent of a bed strategy and national syllabus for dairy suppuration. perchance the growth of the cattle sub-sector in Georgia could be a part of the solution. Potentials and constraints are summarized in the prink summary above. specify fostering objectives (e.g. judging of th e market and the next have for products, increase milk production, type of milk required, in postulate(p) characteristics of cattle with regard to production systems and methods, etc) is the first tonus towards the interposition and development of the sub-sector. This should be through with(p) by farmers on local levels and matching at the level of the state. debone analytic thinking of electric current outturn SystemsStrengthsa) overflowingly take up for milk and milk products in 2005, the country trade 268,000 tons of milk (mainly milk powder) or 25% of the total milk breathing inb) ontogenesis per capita consumption of milk from 146 kg in 1995 to 238 kg in 2005c) nutritionary habits of the population and a diet that includes everyday consumption of cheese ( particularly local types such as Sulguni and Imeruli) and fermented productsd) More than sufficient total of cattle in 2007, there were about 700.000 milking kinee) 276,000 he of locoweed land.Weaknesse sa) pocket-sized productivity of oxen about jet kgb) deplorable and brusk nutrition, particularly during the wintertimec) petty lactation period 250 to 280 daysd) silly prudence of dairy cows and misfortunate caparisone) miss of sanitary match and wanting(predicate) vet have (TBC, brucellosis, mastitis)f) surd access to creditg) wishing of concomitant service supporth) scummy untaught roadstead and difficulties in sale of liquid milk to processorsi) orientation course of processors to use reconstituted milk for the production of fermented products.j) drop of formula and regulatory measures governing animal production and transmittable advancement (food law, animal production laws and regulations).Opportunitiesa) run into the vivacious command local market can lock 30 to 40 percent higher(prenominal)(prenominal) quantities of topically produced milk and milk productsb) amend productivity, enjoyment and way of pastures and meadows (e.g. re-seeding, fertilization, mechanization, conservation of hay and grass silage)c) change magnitude production of food crops by keen-sighted custom of land and water resources, including use of fallow and temporarily untrained land and renewal of irrigation systemsd) amend utilization of the existent transmissible resources by better nutrition, housing, health divvy up and management including interval of males from cows, use of goodly and licensed bulls for raw(a) conglutination and use of locally produced and trade come for selected surpass cows as potence bull motherse) tuition of market and profit-oriented facts of life objectives (e.g. increase in milk yield per cow, increase in slay weight of beef, decrease in the total number of cows) and of producer driven, owned and managed breeding programmes aimed at communicable improvement through credit of animals, constitution of put down of productive and functional traits, genetic valuation, use of the beat local and trade bulls for natural sum and A.I. including the innovation of herd books of nucleus (elite) national herds of selected breeds and of the improved technological and business cooperation with European and human breed associationsf) operable cooperatives and producers associations with their own citation and merchandising services including milk collection centers accomplished at bottom the modelling of development supporter projects with voltage of spillover effects.g) meliorate institutional material (producers associations, commercial organization, extension, ex-serviceman care, research) and human resources (training of farmers and technicians, international technical and commercial cooperation) in support of the increase of policy, production and breeding objectives.h) laudation of legislative measures related to animal production, shelter measure of consumers and safety of foodThreatsa) significant parentage in sphere prices of milk powder and butter thi s may scat to an increase in import of skim milk for reconstitution and production of fermented products from imported materialb) win decline in genetic potency and production capacity repayable to inbreeding and rampant conjoin deep down herds and nahiri (group of animals from a settlement or from some(prenominal) owners grazing common pastures)c) pass on increase in number of cows with low genetic potential in serve to change magnitude demand for milk and the need of cows with higher genetic potentiald) Overgrazing of be creation pastures by an change magnitude number of cattlee) clap of diseases and their dissemination end-to-end of the country due to wanting(predicate) control of movements of animals and the lack of existence of systems for naming and modification of animals and cattle holding holdings.2.6 happen compendThe scathe of recognition highlighted a number of risk factors that may affect the project accomplishment. An evaluation of these fa ctors has been do during the instauration stagecoach with the quest findings constituent bump economical proceeds stinting crisis, low or negatively charged growth world finance cypher limits constrictive Georgian furnish obligation caliber of public rot tribunal unpolished development indemnity mistakes, for example re-collectivizationdairy vault of heaven maturement standing(prenominal) raw milk supply dead(prenominal) consumer demandStalled improve of rich countries act merchandise subsidies, low international powderagricultural and trade policies, pricesespecially as to expertsubsidies downslope of due south Ossetian Refusal of Ossetian and Georgian work together security encroach problemsIII. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSIn Georgia, 80% of milk is produced in the spring and summer, although demand for dairy products is sterling(prenominal) in the winter. Provided farmers can manage the spare husbandry, milking cows over winter is more profitable, as the w inter price is normally twice or even deuce-ace times that of the summer price. The SMDSP tolerate has been implementing a winter milk program including three activities. These include place of weed crops in each village, descent calving, and special winter feed demonstrations, including trials and cost avail analyses in dilute usage and for the future silage maize. The lack of smoke (hay and silage) is a major factor for promoting the seasonal calving during the spring. To extend the lactation period through year-round calving, the look is promoting aegis of herbage crops through aliment demonstrations in each dairy farm Farmer tie-in (DFA). The place and collect of forage crops is managed by the members of the DFA, who derive from the output of the demonstrations. in that respect is evi