Poor Promotion Decision and Human Resource Management

Vitamins May Hurt Your Health

Vitamins May Hurt Your Health MSN ran a feature about ConsumerLab.coms investigation into the purity of multivitamins. The lab looked at 21 brands of multivitamins for sale in the U.S. and Canada and found only 10 of these brands met the labeled claims or otherwise met quality standards. That doesnt have to mean anything earth-shattering. It could have been the other brands were close to meeting standards or had minor problems. However, the quality issues were ones that could actually hurt your health. The Vitamin Shoppe Multivitamins Especially for Women were found to be contaminated with lead. Now, lets put this in perspective. Several calcium supplements run the risk of lead contamination, because lead and calcium participate in many of the same chemical reactions and are difficult to separate. That trace amounts of lead would be present might be expected. However, ConsumerLab.com reported a daily dose of this mulitvitamin contained a whopping 15.3 micrograms of lead (more than ten times the amount permitted without a warning in California). To make matters worse, though you got some bonus lead for your bucks, you only got 54% of the stated levels of calcium. Another vitamin posed a different risk. Hero Nutritionals Yummi Bears, a kids multivitamin, contained 216% of the labeled amount of vitamin A in the retinol form [5,400 International Units (IU)], which is considerably higher than the upper limit set by the Institute of Medicine of 2,000 IU for kids ages 1 to 3 and 3,000 IU for kids ages 4 to 8. Vitamin A is one of the vitamins where more is not better. Instead, too much vitamin A can weaken bones and cause liver damage. Are these quality control issues? Yes, but I would have been surprised if the lab had found the vitamins met their stated claims. Why? For two reasons. First, vitamins arent regulated by the same standards as medicine. They are considered supplements and not drugs. Your best defense against this is to buy a product from nationally-recognized reputable source with an interest in protecting its good name. The other reason I wouldnt expect vitamins to contain exactly what is listed on the label is simple chemistry. Vitamins, by their very nature, are reactive. The quantities listed in a product will change over the course of its shelf life. Your main protection here is to not take vitamins past their expiration date. Should you take a multivitamin? Ask yourself whether the potential benefit outweighs the risk. If you are taking a major name brand multivitamin, you are probably getting approximately what is listed. Even then, expect some variation within the product and some degree of heavy-metal contamination with products that include minerals. These vitamins generally are safe, but dont take them automatically assuming they will help you.

Segmentation and Target Market Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Segmentation and Target Market - Term Paper Example The solar market of the United States is considerably large and is growing at a significant rate. The high cost of generating power along with high customer demand for energy and monetary inducements from federal government has accelerated the growth of solar market in the United States along with California. In the year 2009, almost 107,000 new solar heating, refrigeration and solar electric connections were implemented in the United States. In the long-run, the growth opportunity for this industry is measured to be quite bright. The market growth of solar products is a result of long-run extension of Investment Tax Credit (ITC) policy by the federal government (Sherwood, 2010). California is considered one of the most populated states in the United States. It is also a reputed state with respect to the use of solar system. In California, a significant development for utilization of solar energy can be observed in the recent times. It is expected that by 2030, solar energy will represent almost 16% to 18% of total state energy consumption. California has the highest solar insolation levels in the entire United States. In present days, California accounts for almost 61% of entire United States’ solar energy plans. The state hosts around 27 organizations which are involved with solar energy-related functions, comprising manufacturing of silicon cells, modules and solar chips among others. Therefore, these solar marketing trends represent favorable conditions for marketing the solar products of XYZ Company (Barber, 2003). In order to develop any marketing plan, the economic condition must be considered as it can determine the probability of success or failure of the product in the market. The Californian economy is driven by three major sectors which are technology, exports and hospitality. California was considered as the 9th biggest economy in the world in 2010. With respect to size, the Californian economy is learnt to be the second best in comparison to Brazil.

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 15

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment Example Therefore, does the incorporation of the 10 corporation amount to breaking of the law, which would necessitate the piercing of the corporate veil? The rule of law provides that the piercing of the corporate veil can occur when the corporation is created as a mere alter-ego of its owner, where the corporation does not observe the right formalities, or where the corporation is undercapitalized (Mallor et al., 2013). Further, a court can lift the corporate veil to hold the owners of the corporation personally responsible, if the corporation is created to promote fraud, illegality or injustice (Mallor et al., 2013). The creation of 10 taxi-cab corporations by Carlton is legal, owing to the fact that the law provides for incorporation of enterprises, for the sake of limiting personal liability (Mallor et al., 2013). Further, there has not been provided any limitation as to the number of taxi-cabs that should constitute a tax-cab corporation. In addition, Carlton has provided the required $10,000 of accident liability insurance for each cab. The court should not lift the corporate veil to find Carlton personally liable. This is because; the incorporation of the 10 tax-cab corporations is not an illegality, while the purpose of such incorporation is merely to limit personal liability, and not to commit fraud, illegality or injustice, which could be reasonable ground for lifting the corporate veil (Mallor et al., 2013). Therefore, the court should find that Walkovszky should only hold liable the corporation with two taxi-cabs, from which one knocked him

Buckling Experiments Laboratory Report

Buckling Experiments Laboratory Report BUCKLING EXPERIMENT The experiment entails subjecting loads to a strut along its centroidal axis. The effects of length, shape, material and fixing conditions on buckling were observed. An analysis was then done basing on the results obtained and graphs drawn to establish various relationships measured and calculated. The buckling load was also determined theoretically for all the struts basing on the geometry and material properties. This was then compared to those found experimentally. Buckling is an instability of a material when subjected to loading which eventually leads to failure. It is characterized by sudden sideways deflection of the structural member. When load is applied on a material, it will become large causing it to become unstable and consequently causing change in shape and this can be said to have buckled. This can happen even when the stress subjected on the material is below that needed to cause failure. Bending and buckling can cause change in shape but the difference comes in the method of applying the load. For the bending case, the load is applied perpendicular to the centroidal axis while in buckling, the load is applied axially causing compressive stress and eventual sideways failure. This feature can be measured as the buckling load. Materials having different properties have different buckling loads which is a function of the length of the column and the second moment of area of its cross section. Buckling loads can be determined experimentally or by way of a prediction without actually loading the material to critical load. Southwell plot is a chart of used to experimentally determine the critical load of a structure without subjecting it to its critical load. It is a non-destructive testing method for buckling. Southwell plot is a graphical representation of deflection(y) against deflection by load applied(y/L). This should in return show a linear relationship and a slight curvature at low values of deflection. Further analysis can be done to obtain buckling load. Critical loads can thus be obtained without actually buckling the load itself reducing risk of damaging the strut. The intercept represents the total eccentricity of the strut which is the eccentricity within the equipment and the strut together with the imposed eccentricity. To compare the theoretical and experimental buckling loads of struts in order to test the theory and show its limits. To show how to use the Southwell plot to find the buckling load and eccentricity of a strut. The potential hazards was assessed and it was observed to be majorly from the experiment   handling of the strut in loading and unloading. This has a potential harm to the colleagues and the staff in the laboratory. This hazard was considered by performing the experiment heavily. Plastic inserts were also used to reduce the adverse possible reaction of the strut on loading. The load was applied slowly with full concentration on the reaction of the material under loading so as not to exceed the buckling limits. The strut was also released by unloading swiftly. Experiment 1 The Load Display was connected and switched on. It was then given some few minutes for the display and the load cell to warm up. The load measuring end was tapped to remove any effects of friction and the display zeroed. The digital calipers was then used to obtain the dimensions of the 750 mm steel strut and its second moment of area calculated. The strut was then fit into the rig with the pinned ends condition. Plastic inserts were then inserted in the channels adjacent to the center of the strut such that when load was applied the strut would not come into contact with the inserts. The large hand wheel was used to load the strut slowly. As the wheel was turning, the load reading and the deflection of the strut was observed heavily. The plastic insert was used to ensure that the strut does not buckle further than 15mm.The peak load on the display was recorded and the hand wheel turned to release the load. This is the reading for buckling on its natural direction. A light load was then applied and gently pushed on the center to force it to buckle in the opposite direction. The load was then increased until the strut buckled end the peak load recorded. The load was then released. The mean of the two buckling loads was thereafter calculated. The procedure was repeated for the other steel struts No 2 to No 6. And for one strut made from a different material and the other shape. For strut No 4, the experiment was repeated with a fixed to pinned end condition and strut No 3 with fixed to fixed end conditions. The curve of length against average experimental buckling load was plotted for steel struts 1 6. Theoretical buckling load was then calculated for each length and then plotted on the graph. Comments on the effect of length, end conditions, material and 2nd moment of area on the buckling loads were then made. Experiment 2 The Load Display was connected and switched on. It was then given some few minutes for the display and the load cell to warm up. The load measuring end was tapped to remove any effects of friction and the display zeroed. The 750 mm steel strut was obtained. The strut was then fixed on the pinned ends condition. The deflection gauge was then fitted at the midspan of the strut while ensuring that there is 15mm of travel in the natural buckling direction. The strut was then tested in the natural buckling direction while recording the load at deflection intervals of 0.5mm. The table of results was then filled. The Eccentric End fittings were then fitted to strut number 2 with both fittings set to give the smallest eccentricity (5mm) Strut number 2 was fitted and the position of the deflection indicator adjusted to allow for the offset. The test was then repeated with the same strut. The end fittings at both ends of the strut were reversed to give larger eccentricity. The indicator was adjusted and the test repeated. A chart was then created showing load on the vertical axis against deflection on the horizontal axis. The results from each strut was added to the chart. A chart for a Southwell plot was created, deflection (y) against (y/P) where P is the load. The results from each strut was then added to this chart and further analysis done RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS Experiment 1 Theoretical buckling load (N) 174.70 240.40 306.10 280.52 397.56 339.33 332.99 826.75 304.39 359.29 Average Peak buckling load(N) 189.5 198 236 257 286.5 327 283 279 559 1068 Peak buckling load 2(N) 212 204 251 251 288 334 294 292 579 1187 Peak buckling load 1(N) 167 192 221 263 285 320 272 266 539 949 Strut Details 2nd Moment of area 48.103 57.649 63.311 53.636 70.055 50.244 180.746 170.974 53.636 63.311 d 3.11 3.20 3.41 3.23 3.54 3.15 4.84 6.46 3.23 3.41 b 19.19 19.25 19.16 19.10 19.44 19.39 19.13 _ 19.10 19.16 K value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.7 0.5 Fixing conditions P-P P-P P-P P-P P-P P-P P-P P-P P-F F-F Youngs modulus (N/mm2) 207000 207000 207000 207000 207000 207000 105000 207000 207000 207000 Material Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Brass Steel Steel Steel Shape Rect Rect Rect Rect Rect Rect Rect Round Rect Rect Working length 750 700 650 625 600 550 750 650 600 600 Strut no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 J 4 3 Experiment 2 Deflection (mm) Eccentricity=0 Eccentricity=5mm Eccentricity=7.5mm Load (N) Defl/Ave Load Load (N) Defl/Ave Load Load (N) Defl/Ave Load 0 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0.5 50 0.0100 21 0.0238 8 0.0625 1 74 0.0135 27 0.0370 17 0.0588 1.5 95 0.0158 40 0.0375 24 0.0625 2 108 0.0185 48 0.0417 30 0.0667 2.5 116 0.0216 55 0.0455 35 0.0714 3 125 0.0240 53 0.0566 40 0.0750 3.5 131 0.0267 66 0.0530 45 0.0778 4 135 0.0296 71 0.0563 49 0.0816 4.5 139 0.0324 75 0.0600 54 0.0833 5 141 0.0355 81 0.0617 58 0.0862 5.5 144 0.0382 82 0.0671 59 0.0932 6 147 0.0408 88 0.0682 65 0.0923 6.5 149 0.0436 90 0.0722 69 0.0942 7 150 0.0467 92 0.0761 72 0.0972 7.5 152 0.0493 96 0.0781 73 0.1027 8 153 0.0523 97 0.0825 77 0.1039 8.5 154 0.0552 98 0.0867 80 0.1063 9 156 0.0577 103 0.0874 82 0.1098 9.5 157 0.0605 107 0.0888 84 0.1131 10 158 0.0633 107 0.0935 86 0.1163 10.5 159 0.0660 112 0.0938 89 0.1180 11 160 0.0688 113 0.0973 91 0.1209 11.5 160 0.0719 115 0.1000 93 0.1237 12 161 0.0745 117 0.1026 94 0.1277 12.5 161 0.0776 119 0.1050 96 0.1302 13 162 0.0802 120 0.1083 98 0.1327 13.5 162 0.0833 122 0.1107 100 0.1350 14 163 0.0859 123 0.1138 101 0.1386 14.5 163 0.0890 124 0.1169 103 0.1408 15 164 0.0915 125 0.1200 104 0.1442 Moment of inertia (I) of a circle and rectangle were obtained using the formula; DISCUSSION Below is the graph of working length against buckling load for the first experiment. It is observed that as the working length was increasing, the buckling load was decreasing. For the second experiment, A graph drawn for load against deflection shows a nonlinear relationship between the load applied and the deflection of the beam.   The second graph is of deflection(y) against (y/P) where P is the load. This is the Southwell plot for the beam used. A line of best fit drawn in the Southwell Plot indicates that the points obtained are having an almost linear relationship except at low values of deflection which has a small curvature. The slopes of the graphs, Euler buckling load, were obtained for different eccentricities together with the points of intersection with the y axis which indicates the eccentricity of loading. This represents the imperfection of the strut and the equipment used plus the imposed eccentricity. Southwell plot results Eccentricity (mm) Gradient y-intercept 0 178.18 -1.301 5 164.32 -5.0783 7.5 170.12 -9.6389 Southwell plot; The experiment was a success as the strut was subjected to different loads to determine the buckling load. The effect of material, length of the specimen, shape and fixing conditions were observed. Different graphs were drawn from the results obtained which enhanced further analysis. The Southwell graph was also drawn which was used to obtain eccentricity values and the struts theoretical/Euler buckling load. Wang, C.M., Zhang, Y.Y., Ramesh, S.S. and Kitipornchai, S., 2006. Buckling analysis of micro-and nano-rods/tubes based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39(17), p.3904. Akgà ¶z, B. and Civalek, -., 2011. Strain gradient elasticity and modified couple stress models for buckling analysis of axially loaded micro-scaled beams. International Journal of Engineering Science, 49(11), pp.1268-1280. Roorda, J., 1967. Some thoughts on the Southwell plot. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 93(6), pp.37-48. Mandal, P. and Calladine, C.R., 2002. Lateral-torsional buckling of beams and the Southwell plot. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 44(12), pp.2557-2571. Singer, J., 1989. On the applicability of the Southwell plot to plastic buckling. Experimental Mechanics, 29(2), pp.205-208. Cowper, G.R., 1966, June. The shear coefficient in Timoshenkos beam theory. ASME.

fully just? :: essays research papers

Fully Just? The death penalty debate is an extremely controversial issue affecting the world today. In today’s society, people argue whether the death penalty is an acceptable form of justice. In America, the pros and cons of the death penalty are an ongoing debate. Countless questions arise whenever someone mentions the death penalty. Is Capital Punishment just? The death penalty is just. As a citizen of the United States, I am interested in this issue because I live under the statutes of the American justice system. Someone who disagrees with the death penalty claims that it is wrong to promote murder, yet he or she promotes murder by opposing an equal punishment for those who commit the crime. Not executing criminals who commit horrific crimes is preserving a life that has devalued all life. People have been sentenced to death for various forms of wrongdoing all throughout history. One can trace back execution all the way to the crucifixion of Jesus. Stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading are other forms of punishment that people used hundreds of years ago. These previous methods are found cruel and unusual and evolve to what we refer to today as modern capital punishment. Capital Punishment today is the legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law and is justly so. Since 1976, capital punishment is accomplished through various means; lethal injection (primarily), electrocution, and gas chamber are the most prominent (Death Penalty Information Center). These new methods are more efficient and less inhumane for the party receiving the sentence of death. Thirty-eight states across the country currently take part in capital punishment; thirty-seven of which use lethal injection as the primary means. The law executes both men an d woman for various crimes, but for the most part the severity of the punishment increases with the severity of the crime (Death Penalty Information Center). The crime most punished with the death penalty is murder, and rightfully so. Society is better off without people who commit inhumane crimes. Opponents of the death penalty commonly portray the death penalty as a barbaric "eye for an eye" approach to criminal justice. Although most parts of the world do not take this philosophy literally, our culture still follows the spirit of this law. In America, two out of every three people support the death penalty, about sixty-six percent (Death Penalty Information Center).

Ap Us History Ch. 1 Notes

A. P. U. S. History Notes Chapter 1: â€Å"New World Beginnings† Summary: 225 million years ago, Earth was one supercontinent (Pangaea) and ocean. About 10 million years ago, the North America that we know today was formed (geographical shape). The first discoverers of North America were nomadic Asians who wandered over here by way of an exposed land bridge from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Though they were hunters at first, by 5000 BC, they had become hunter-gatherers with a diet of basically corn. Great pre-European Indian cultures included the Pueblos, the Iroquois, the Mound Builders, the Mayans, the Incas, the Aztec, and the Sioux, among others (map of tribes on pg. 8). The Indians revered nature and land, and didn’t carelessly destroy it. Everything was put to use. In 1000 AD, Vikings discovered Newfoundland, but later abandoned it due to unfavorable conditions. Europeans, though, slowly began to proliferate into non-European worlds starting around the 1400s. After Marco Polo came back with stories of China and its riches, Europeans began to explore. First, they set up settlements in Africa, near the coast, where they used African slaves to work on plantations. In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India, opening a sea route to the Far East. Complications and dangers of this eastern sea route influenced Christopher Columbus to sail west. In doing so, he inadvertently discovered the Americas, though he never knew it. The Portuguese were first to settle in America, but the Spanish later became the dominant nation in the Americas. Spanish Conquistadores swept through Latin and South America, destroying the Aztecs and the Incas. Meanwhile, Magellan’s crew sailed around the world in 1519, becoming the first voyage to do so. As the chapter ended, Spain was very much in control of much of the Americas, though other countries were beginning to challenge the Spanish dominance. Important People: The Aztecs- Native Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their gods human sacrifices, these people were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great civilization without having a wheel. The Mound Builders- Indians of the Ohio River Valley. The Mississippian settlement- At Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Illionis, was home to about 40,000 people in at 1100 A. D. Hiawatha- This was legendary leader who inspired the Iroquois, a powerful group of Native Americans in the northeaster woodlands of the U. S. The Norse- These Vikings discovered America in about 1000 A. D. , when they discovered modern-day Newfoundland. They abandoned it later due to bad conditions. Marco Polo- Italian adventurer who supposedly sailed to the Far East (China) in 1295 and returned with stories and supplies of the Asian life there (silk, pearls, etc†¦) Bartholomeu Dias- A Portuguese sailor, he was the first to round the southernmost tip of Africa, a feat he did in 1488. Vasco da Gama- In 1498, he reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile- The wedded king and queen of Spain, their marriage united the previously non-existing country. Christopher Columbus- An Italian seafarer who persuaded Spain to give him three ships for which to sail west to look for a better route to India, he â€Å"discovered† America in 1492 Vasco Nunez Balboa- Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519, his crew began a voyage and eventually ended up becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, even though he died in the Philippines. The sole surviving ship returned to Europe in 1522. Ponce de Leon- In 1513 and 1521, this Spanish Explorer explored Florida, searching for gold (contrary to the myth of his seeking the â€Å"Fountain of Youth†). Francisco Coronado- From 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of bison. Hernando de Soto- From 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida and crossed the Mississippi River. He brutally abused Indians and died of fever and battle wounds. Francisco Pizarro- In 1532, he crushed the Incas of Peru and got lots of bounty. Bartolome de Las Casas- A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it â€Å"a moral pestilence invented by Satan. † Hernan Cortes- Annihilator of the Aztec in 1519. Malinche- A female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec. Montezuma- The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortes’ invasion who believed that Cortes was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. Giovanni Caboto- AKA John Cabot, he explored the northeastern coaster of North America in 1497-98. Giovanni da Verranzo- An Italian explorer dispatched by the French king in 1524 to probe the eastern seaboard of U. S. Don Juan de Onate- Leader of a Spanish group that traversed parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in 1598, he and his men proclaimed the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital, Santa Fe. Robert de La Salle- Sent by the French, he went on an expedition down the Mississippi in the 1680s. Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo- He explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find anything of interest. Father Junipero Serra- The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain. Key Terms & Words, etc†¦: maize- the Indian word for corn Conquistadores – the Spanish word for â€Å"conqueror,† these explorers claimed much of America for Spain, slaughtering millions of natives in the process encomienda- a euphemism for slavery in which Indians were given to colonists to be â€Å"Christianized. † Dia de la Raza- Spanish for Columbus Day. Lake Bonneville- massive prehistoric lake, all of which remains today in the form of the Great Salt Lake. Treaty of Tordesillas- treaty that settled Spanish and Portuguese differences in the Americas, Portugal got modern-day Brazil; Spain got the rest. Pope’s Rebellion- revolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for nearly half a century. Places and Countries: Timbuktu- Capital of the West African kingdom of Mali, a place located in the Niger River Valley. Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, Pricipe- Areas where sugar plantations were established by Portugal then Spain where African slaves were forced to work. Potosi- A rich silver mine in Bolivia that enriched Spain with lots of wealth. Timeline: |c. 33,000 – 8000 BC |First humans come to Americas from land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska. | |c. 5000 BC |Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland Mexico. | |c. 4000 BC |First civilized societies develop in the Middle East. | |c. 1200 BC |Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest. | |c. 1000 AD |Norse voyagers discover and briefly settle in Newfoundland (Vinland). | | |Also, corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeaster Atlantic seaboard. | |c. 100 AD |Height of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia | |c. 1100 – 1300 |Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East. | |1295 |Marco Polo returns to Europe from Asia. | |Late 1400s |Spain unites. | |1488 |Diaz rounds the southern tip of Africa. | |1492 |Columbus land in the Bahamas. | |1494 |Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. | |1498 |da Gama reaches India. | |Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England. | |1513 |Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain. | |1513 & 1521 |Ponce de Leon explores Florida. | |1519 – 1521 |Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain, defeating the Aztecs. | |1522 |Magellan’s crew completes circumnavigation of the world. | |1524 |Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of Norh America for France. | |1532 |Pizarro crushes the Incas. |1534 |Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River. | |1539 – 1542 |de Soto explores the Southeast and discoveres the Mississippi River. | |1540 – 1542 |Coronado explores present-day Southwest | |1542 |Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain. | |1565 |Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine. | |Late 1500s |Iroquois Confederacy founded (according to Iroquois legend) | |c. 598 – 1609 |Spanish under Onate conquer Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande Valley. | |1609 |Spanish found New Mexico. | |1680 |Pope’s rebellion of New Mexico. | |1680s |French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle | |1769 |Father Junipero Serra fo unds Mission San Diego, in California. | Makers of America: – Conquistadores included Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztecs and the Incas respectively. Within half a century of Columbus’ â€Å"discovery† of America, they had claimed, for Spain, territory that stretched form Colorado to Argentina. – They spread from Cuba through Mexico and from Panama, south through Peru. – As the Spanish crown tightened its grip on its colonies, though, the conquistadors lost more and more power. – Most of them never achieved their dreams of glory, though a few received royal titles. – Many of them married Indian women, creating a new class of people called mestizos. – The mestizos formed a bridge between Latin America’s Indian and European races.